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句型大匯總,教你盤活長(zhǎng)難句(上)

  摘要:20考研的同學(xué)們,英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句開(kāi)始接觸了嗎?感覺(jué)如何?對(duì)于考研英語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō),長(zhǎng)難句算是最最最讓人頭疼的了……語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)不過(guò)關(guān),語(yǔ)感不突出,想要掌握長(zhǎng)難句就真的比較難。放棄它吧,是肯定不能放棄的!無(wú)論是英語(yǔ)閱讀還是翻譯題,都涉及到大量的長(zhǎng)難句。所以 ,只能盤它!

  學(xué)習(xí)長(zhǎng)難句很重要的就是分析句型,今天就和大家說(shuō)關(guān)于長(zhǎng)難句句型的方方面面,這些都很重要,拿好小本子了嗎?

  首先和大家介紹一下,考研長(zhǎng)難句中大家會(huì)遇到的句型主要有:復(fù)合句型(包括了:狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句);并列句型;倒裝句;插入句型;強(qiáng)調(diào)句;省略句;否定句;比較句。

  1.復(fù)合句型

  •狀語(yǔ)從句

 ?。?)理論常識(shí)

  狀語(yǔ)從句,屬于副詞性從句,簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)就是從句在句子中擔(dān)任狀語(yǔ),分為時(shí)間、目的、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、讓步、比較、結(jié)果、原因9種狀語(yǔ)從句。

  時(shí)間引導(dǎo)詞:when , after , before , while , until , till , since , as soon as , everytime , the moment等

  地點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)詞:where , wherever等

  原因引導(dǎo)詞:because , since=now that , as等

  條件引導(dǎo)詞:if , whether , unless , as long as ,on condition that , providing that等

  結(jié)果引導(dǎo)詞:so / such ... that , so等

  目的引導(dǎo)詞:in order that , so that等

  讓步引導(dǎo)詞:though , although , however , whatever=no matter what even if , even though , as (倒裝) 等

  方式引導(dǎo)詞:as , as if等

  比較引導(dǎo)詞:than , as ... as , the more ... , the more ... 等

 ?。?)真題舉例

  例句1.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.

  重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  draw from 從……中得到,從……提取

  European n. 歐洲人 adj. 歐洲的;歐洲人的;European Union 歐洲聯(lián)盟,歐盟

  Europe n. 歐洲;歐盟;歐洲大陸

  extraction n. 取出;提煉;mineral/oil etc extraction 礦物;石油等的開(kāi)采

  extract v. 提取,提煉;(從書中)選取,摘錄;獲取,得到好處

  extract sth from sth 從……獲取……

  extractor n. 抽??;抽取器

  be taken from 來(lái)自;從……摘取

  句子成分分析:該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是...care was taken...。Though引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,to see...population是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句作see的賓語(yǔ)。

  不定式用作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句首在或句末。一般說(shuō)來(lái),用于句首屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)性用法,即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的目的。

  從語(yǔ)法上看,不定式表示目的通常是指發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后的動(dòng)作,也就是說(shuō),若以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),用作目的狀語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)尚未發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。

  參考譯文:盡管所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象都是從祖籍歐洲的人口中選擇,但是研究人員也花費(fèi)了精力來(lái)確保所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,無(wú)論是朋友還是陌生人,都是來(lái)自同一群體。

  例句2:Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  ceremony n.儀式

  Ritual儀式的,禮節(jié)性的

  threads soaked in holy water ;Thread線;holy water 圣水;soak 浸泡了圣水的線

  wrist n.手腕

  bless the union慶祝結(jié)合

  句子成分分析: 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads...and passing a candle...。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)soaked in holy water作后置定語(yǔ)修飾cotton threads,介詞短語(yǔ)around the bride’s and groom’s wrists和 around a circle of happily married and respected couples作狀語(yǔ),不定式短語(yǔ)to bless the union作目的狀語(yǔ)。

  不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常用于表示目的、條件、結(jié)果。作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可用 in order to, so as to代替(注意:so as to不能置于句首);作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常用于only to, so...as to, such...as to, enough...to, too...to等結(jié)構(gòu)中(注意:too...to結(jié)構(gòu)中如出現(xiàn)anxious/eager/pleased/ready等詞,則不再表示否定結(jié)果,而表示程度,意為very。

  參考譯文:婚禮儀式包含剪發(fā)儀式、把圣水浸泡過(guò)的棉線系在新郎和新娘的手腕上、把蠟燭在婚姻美滿且受人尊敬的夫妻中傳一圈以示對(duì)新婚夫妻的祝福等部分。

  •定語(yǔ)從句

 ?。?)理論常識(shí)

  在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ),修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。

  結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)系詞(分為關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞)+從句

  關(guān)系代詞(that , who , which , whose , as)

  關(guān)系副詞(when , where , why , how)

  定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制定語(yǔ)從句,限定從直接放在先行詞后,非限定從與先行詞之間要加逗號(hào)。

 ?。?)真題舉例

  例句1:California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  justice n. 司法制度;公正;公正性;justification n. 正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?br />
  refrain from 克制;抑制

  sweeping adj. 影響廣泛的

  assumption n. 假定,假設(shè);承擔(dān),就任

  possession n. 擁有;所有物,財(cái)物;in possession of 擁有……

  suspect v. 猜測(cè),懷疑;認(rèn)為(某人)有犯罪嫌疑

  【用法】suspect sb of doing sth 懷疑某人做……

  句子成分分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling...。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾one。在該定語(yǔ)從句中,還有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明the old assumption。

  在該同位語(yǔ)從句中,主干結(jié)構(gòu)為authorities may search through the possessions of suspects...。被修飾的詞不同:同位語(yǔ)從句一般修飾表示概括意義的抽象名詞,如fact,news,truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt等。

  定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞則沒(méi)有這樣的限定。從句的作用不同:同位語(yǔ)從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容,而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的限制、說(shuō)明。引導(dǎo)詞不同:what,how,whether等不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但可用于引導(dǎo)同位從句。

  參考譯文:加利福尼亞州呼吁法官不要做出太籠統(tǒng)的裁定,尤其不要擾亂以前的假設(shè),即在逮捕嫌犯時(shí)當(dāng)局可以搜查其財(cái)產(chǎn)。

  例句2:As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  come to do sth 來(lái)做某事;開(kāi)始做某事

  mental health 心理健康

  available adj. 可用的,可獲得的;有空的;沒(méi)有伴侶的

  availability n. 有效性;實(shí)用性

  allow sb to do sth 允許某人做某事

  slow down 減速,放慢速度 【反義詞組】speed up 加速

  句子成分分析:該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主干為knowing that...and knowing to trust it allow us...。

  as指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。that mental health is always available為賓語(yǔ)從句作knowing的賓語(yǔ)。knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it其實(shí)是兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ),而后面的allow us...為謂賓部分。

  as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,意為“正如……,就像……”,從句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。

  例如:As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.注意:as和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有一定的區(qū)別:as和which都可以指代主句中的一部分內(nèi)容或整句內(nèi)容,有時(shí)可以互換。

  但是 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前面、中間或者后面,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則只能放在主句后面。

  參考譯文:你會(huì)慢慢發(fā)現(xiàn),明白心理健康一直在身邊并且堅(jiān)信它,這可以讓我們放慢節(jié)奏、享受當(dāng)下、快樂(lè)地生活。

  •同位語(yǔ)從句

 ?。?)理論常識(shí)

  同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)其前面的抽象名詞(例如:idea , insistence , instruction , order , plan , proposal等)進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明,被解釋說(shuō)明的詞和同位語(yǔ)在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系。同位語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)一定是先行詞加引導(dǎo)詞加上從句的構(gòu)成,that并不是唯一可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞,whether , why , who . 從句一定要具有完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu),主謂賓都必須齊全,引導(dǎo)詞不充當(dāng)任何成分。

  常見(jiàn)先行詞:

  belief , fact , hope , idea , doubt , news , rumor , conclusion , evidence ,suggestion , problem , order , answer , decision , discovery , explanation , information , knowledge , law , opinion , truth , promise , report , thought , statement , rule , possibility .

 ?。?)真題舉例

  例句1:The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  loyal adj. 忠實(shí)的,忠誠(chéng)的 ≠ disloyal;be loyal to 對(duì)……忠誠(chéng)

  loyalty n. 忠誠(chéng),忠實(shí),忠貞

  favor v. 更喜歡;偏向 n. 恩惠;支持,贊同;in favo(u)r of sth 支持,贊許……

  sustain v. 保持,維持 = maintain;遭受,經(jīng)受believe in 信任,信賴

  句子成分分析:本句主干the idea goes...,正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為The idea goes (that) the most loyal customers would... and they'd feel like they were... believe in。

  The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor和they'd feel like they were helping...believe in為and連接的兩個(gè)并列的同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋the idea。

  在第一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中,they favor是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the product。在第二個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中,like等同于as if,其后緊跟的內(nèi)容為表語(yǔ)從句。在這個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句中,包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句they believe in,修飾something。

  表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)??山颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有:從屬連詞whether,as,as if / though,連接代詞who,whom,whose以及because,why等。

  參考譯文:這種想法是,最忠誠(chéng)的顧客仍然愿意買他們喜歡的產(chǎn)品,他們還會(huì)覺(jué)得自己在幫助維持他們信任的產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。

  例句2:Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  analysis n.(對(duì)事物/形勢(shì)/問(wèn)題的)分析

  rule out 排除,拒絕考慮

  influence n. 影響(力),作用 v.統(tǒng)治;控制;

  account n. 敘述,報(bào)道;賬戶

  take account (n.)of sth = take sth into accout 考慮到某事

  leniency =lenience n. 仁慈,寬大

  contribute v. 促成,造成(某事發(fā)生);捐獻(xiàn),捐助

  political campaigns政治活動(dòng)

  fine n. 罰金,罰款v. 對(duì)……處以罰款

  句子成分分析:

  本句主干:Their analysis ruled out the possibility...。that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句中的it was... rather than... that...為強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu),其中firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand為強(qiáng)調(diào)部分。

  在這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,accounted for為真正的謂語(yǔ),the leniency為真正的賓語(yǔ)。冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。英語(yǔ)中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)有一個(gè)很重要的句型,那就是“it is (was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that (who)+其他”結(jié)構(gòu)。

  強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般為that(可指物,也可指人)或who(指人)。若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是狀語(yǔ),則只能用that ,而不能用when 或者where,且連接詞都不能省略。

  參考譯文:他們的分析排除了讓公司受到寬大處理的原因是其政治影響力而非其企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任立場(chǎng)的這種可能性:對(duì)政治活動(dòng)投入更多的公司并沒(méi)有處以更少的罰金。

  2.并列句型

  (1)理論常識(shí)

  由并列連詞連接、含有兩個(gè)或更多主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句。

  表示轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系的并列連詞

  but

  yet 但是;盡管如此

  while 而,但是,可是,卻

  表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞

  for 因?yàn)?br />
  so 因此

  表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞or

  表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞

  and 和,同,與,又,并且

  not only ... but also ... 不僅……而且

  neither ... nor ... 既不……也不

  both ... and ... 既……又

  其他并列連詞

  not ... but ... 不是……而是

  rather than 而不是;與其……寧愿

  when 正當(dāng)那時(shí),相當(dāng)于and at that time

 ?。?)真題舉例

  例句1:They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  invalidate v. 使無(wú)效;證明(信念或解釋)是無(wú)效的

  severe v. 非常嚴(yán)重的;困難的

  take reasonable measures to 采取合理的措施去……

  warrant n. 令狀,許可

  pending n. 在等待……之際

  句子成分分析:本句是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。and前面的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections...,when facing severe, urgent circumstances是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,由于face的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致,因此省略主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞,face用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。

  and之后的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)為they could take reasonable measures...,to ensure that...pending是目的狀語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句作ensure的賓語(yǔ)。

  狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略原則是:如果從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致,或從句的主語(yǔ)是it,可省略從句的連接詞、主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞,只保留分詞和其它成分,從而使語(yǔ)言更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。

  比如時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中的省略、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)中的省略、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略等。例如:The river is clean where (it is) deep.

  參考譯文:在嚴(yán)重、緊急的情況下,他們還可以忽視第四修正案的保護(hù)。此外,在等待許可令簽發(fā)期間,他們還可以采取合理措施保證手機(jī)里的數(shù)據(jù)不被刪除或篡改。

  例句2.While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):

  poll n. 民意測(cè)驗(yàn);民意調(diào)查;選舉投票;計(jì)票

  alongside prep. 在……旁邊;沿著……的邊;與……一起

  royal adj. 國(guó)王的;女王的;皇家的;王室的

  Rate sth as sth 認(rèn)為...,as部分是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充成分

  Proudest最驕傲的

  Limit 限制

  句子成分分析: 本句是由while構(gòu)成的前后兩個(gè)具有轉(zhuǎn)折意思的并列句,while從句內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng),到最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)處才結(jié)束。其中Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country為省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句,句中有著rate A as B的結(jié)構(gòu),其中rate為“排名”的意思。

  兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。 并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要,相互之間沒(méi)有從屬關(guān)系,是平行并列的關(guān)系。并列連詞有:and, but, or, so等。

  參考譯文:盡管民意調(diào)查顯示,英國(guó)人將鄉(xiāng)村列為僅次于王室、莎士比亞和國(guó)家醫(yī)療體系之后最令他們驕傲的事,但是鄉(xiāng)村在政治方面的支持還是有限的。

  3.倒裝句

  (1)理論常識(shí)

  倒裝句的幾種形式

  1) 以here , there ,then , now , next引出的倒裝句

  Here comes the special guest of the party .

  There seem to be many beautiful girls in the university .

  2) 以表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)引出的倒裝句

  At the school gate stood an old woman .

  Under the tree are sitting some students .

  On the bed lay a big teddy bear .

  注意:主語(yǔ)為代詞是不用倒裝。

  3) 以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句

  Off went the horse .

  Down fell a dozen apples .

  4) 否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首

  Never have I seen such a good teacher .

  Not a moment did he waste on campus .

  By no means should she be left alone .

  Under no circumstances will I believe you .

  5) only置于句首

  Only in this way can we make a difference .

  6) as / though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

  Rich as he is , he spends a cent on charity .

  Try as / though he does , he never seems able to get a high score in the  exams .

  7) 在虛擬條件句中,連詞if省略時(shí),即將were , had , should等詞提到句首

  Were I you , I would take this chance .

  Should he come tomorrow , he would help us to settle the problem .

  (2)真題舉例

  Odd though it sounds , cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics , and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

  •重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):plausible,adj. 貌似可信的;consequence,n. 結(jié)果、推論;astrophysicist,n. 天體物理學(xué)家

  參考譯文:盡管它聽(tīng)起來(lái)很奇怪,宇宙膨脹說(shuō)是在基礎(chǔ)粒子物理學(xué)中的一些公認(rèn)的觀點(diǎn)在科學(xué)上貌似可信的推論,并且很多天體物理學(xué)家在近十年中已經(jīng)相信這種理論是真實(shí)的。

  今天幫幫就給大家說(shuō)這幾種句型吧,明天再把另外的插入句型;強(qiáng)調(diào)句;省略句;否定句;比較句給大家好好說(shuō)一下~

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